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Is the Goverment Shut Down Again

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Abeyance of "non-essential" regime services in the United states of america due to a funding lapse

Government shutdowns in the United States occur when there is a failure to enact funding legislation to finance the regime for its next financial twelvemonth or a temporary funding measure. Always since a 1980 interpretation of the 1884 Antideficiency Act, a "lapse of appropriation" due to a political impasse on proposed appropriation bills requires that the US federal regime curtail agency activities and services, close down non-essential operations, furlough non-essential workers, and merely retain essential employees in departments covering the rubber of human life or protection of belongings.[ane] Voluntary services may only be accepted when required for the safety of life or property.[1] Shutdowns can also occur within and disrupt state, territorial, and local levels of government.

Since the enactment of the Usa government's current budget and appropriations process in 1976, at that place take been a full of 22 funding gaps in the federal budget, 10 of which have led to federal employees existence furloughed. Prior to 1980, funding gaps did not atomic number 82 to government shutdowns, until Chaser Full general Benjamin Civiletti issued a legal opinion requiring the government to be shut downwardly when a funding gap occurs.[ii] This opinion was not consistently adhered to through the 1980s, merely since 1990 all funding gaps lasting longer than a few hours take led to a shutdown.

Some of the most significant shutdowns in U.S. history have included the 21-day shutdown of 1995–1996 during the Bill Clinton administration over opposition to major spending cuts; the 16-day shutdown in 2013 during the Barack Obama administration caused by a dispute over implementation of the Affordable Care Deed (ACA);[3] and the 35-day shutdown of 2018-2019 during the Donald Trump administration, the longest shutdown in United states of america history,[iv] acquired past a dispute over the funding amount for an expansion of the U.S.–Mexico border barrier.[five] [6]

Shutdowns cause the disruption of regime services and programs, including the closure of national parks and institutions (in particular, due to shortages of federal employees). A major loss of government revenue comes from lost labor from furloughed employees who are yet paid, equally well every bit loss of fees that would accept been paid during the shutdown. Shutdowns as well cause a significant reduction in economic growth (depending on the length of the shutdown). During the 2013 shutdown, Standard & Poor's, the fiscal ratings agency, stated on Oct xvi that the shutdown had "to appointment taken $24 billion out of the economic system", and "shaved at least 0.six pct off annualized fourth-quarter 2013 GDP growth".[seven]

Federal government [edit]

Overview [edit]

Under the separation of powers created past the Us Constitution, the appropriation and control of government funds for the United states of america is the sole responsibleness of the United States Congress. Congress begins this procedure through proposing an appropriation bill aimed at determining the levels of spending for each federal department and government programme. The finalized version of the beak is then voted upon past both the House of Representatives and the Senate. After it passes both chambers, it proceeds to the President of the United States to sign the pecker into law.

Regime shutdowns tend to occur when there is a disagreement over budget allocations before the existing bicycle ends. Such disagreements can come from the President – through vetoing any finalized appropriation bills they receive – or from one or both chambers of Congress,[8] [9] ofttimes from the political party that has control over that sleeping room. A shutdown can be temporarily avoided through the enactment of a continuing resolution (CR), which can extend funding for the authorities for a set period, during which time negotiations can be fabricated to supply an cribbing beak that all involved parties of the political deadlock on spending tin concord upon. However, a CR can be blocked by the same parties if at that place are issues with the content of the resolution bill that either party has a disagreement upon, in which instance a shutdown will inevitably occur if a CR cannot be passed by the House, Senate or President. Congress may, in rare cases attempt to override a presidential veto of an appropriation neb or CR, but such an act requires at that place to be majority support of two-thirds of both chambers.

Initially, many federal agencies continued to operate during shutdowns, while minimizing all nonessential operations and obligations, assertive that Congress did not intend that agencies close down while waiting for the enactment of almanac appropriations acts or temporary appropriations. Nevertheless, Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti issued ii opinions in 1980 and 1981, that more than strictly interpreted the Antideficiency Human action in the context of a funding gap, forth with its exceptions. The opinions stated that, with some exceptions, the caput of an agency could avert violating the Act only by suspending the bureau'south operations until the enactment of an appropriation. In the absence of appropriations, exceptions would be allowed only when there is some reasonable and articulable connection between the office to be performed and the safety of homo life or the protection of property.[x] Notwithstanding, fifty-fifty after the Civiletti opinions, not all funding gaps led to shutdowns. Of the nine funding gaps between 1980 and 1990, merely four led to furloughs.[xi]

Shutdowns of the type experienced by the United states of america are nearly incommunicable in other forms of government:

  • Under the parliamentary systems used in virtually European and Asian nations, stalemates inside the government are much less likely, as the executive caput of regime (i.e. the prime minister) must be a member of the legislature majority, and must maintain the approval of the legislature to remain in ability (conviction and supply). Typically a legislature is suspended if a budget fails to pass (loss of supply), and the caput of government must resign. And so the caput of state may either appoint another member of legislature who can garner bulk back up, or deliquesce the legislature and conduct fresh general elections.
  • In other presidential systems, the executive branch typically has the authorization to continue the authorities operation fifty-fifty without an canonical budget.[12]

Effects [edit]

Units of the National Park Organisation airtight during the 2013 federal government shutdown. Shown here is the National Mall.

While authorities shutdowns prior to the 1995–1996 shutdowns had very mild effects, a full federal government shutdown causes a big number of noncombatant federal employees to be furloughed. During a authorities shutdown, furloughed authorities employees are prohibited from even checking their email from habitation. To enforce this prohibition, many agencies require employees to return their government-issued electronic devices for the elapsing of the shutdown.[13]

Because of the size of the government workforce, the effects of a shutdown can exist seen in macroeconomic data. For example, with payment delayed to 1.three million workers, and 800,000 employees locked out,[14] confidence in the task market decreased merely recovered within a month of the 2013 shutdown,[15] [16] and Gross domestic product growth slowed 0.1–0.2%.[14] Still, the loss of GDP from a shutdown is a bigger sum than it would toll to keep the government open.[17]

However, the complete effects of a shutdown are oftentimes overcast past missing data that cannot be collected while specific government offices are closed.[fourteen]

Additionally, some effects of the shutdown are difficult to directly measure, and are thought to cause residual impacts in the months post-obit a shutdown. Some examples include destroyed scientific studies, lack of investment, and deferred maintenance costs.[18] [19] The length of the 2018–2019 shutdown concise rubber and police force enforcement investigations, caused air travel delays as essential workers stopped showing up, close downwardly some facilities for Native Americans and tourists, and delayed regulatory approvals and immigration hearings for non-detainees.

The exact details of which government functions stop during a shutdown is adamant by the Role of Management and Budget.[twenty]

What stays open [edit]

  • "Emergency personnel" continue to exist employed, including the active duty (Title ten) military, federal law enforcement agents, doctors and nurses working in federal hospitals, and air traffic controllers.[twenty]
  • Members of Congress continue to be paid, because their pay cannot exist altered except by direct constabulary.[21]
  • Mail delivery is not affected as it is self-funded and the funds are not appropriated by Congress.[22]
  • Sometimes the Washington, D.C. municipal regime remains open. For instance, during the 2013 shutdown, the city remained open because mayor Vincent C. Gray declared the entire municipal government to be essential.[23]

What shuts down [edit]

  • For the Department of Defense, at to the lowest degree half of the noncombatant workforce, and the total-time, dual-status war machine technicians in the U.s. National Baby-sit and traditional Guardsmen (those on Title 32 condition) are furloughed and not paid while the shutdown is in effect.[24] [25]
  • Programs that are funded by laws other than annual appropriations acts (similar Social Security) may also exist affected by a funding gap, if program execution relies on activities that receive annually appropriated funding.[10]
  • Sometimes parts of the Washington, D.C. municipal regime close down, closing schools and suspending utilities such equally garbage collection.[26]

Arguments for and against [edit]

During the 2013 shutdown, the moral philosopher Peter Singer argued in Slate, that shutdowns were evidence that the U.S. Constitution'due south separation of powers constituted "a fundamental flaw."[27]

In 2019, post-obit the cease of the 2018–xix shutdown, Michael Shindler argued in The American Bourgeois that shutdowns protect popular sovereignty. He writes, "No other political phenomena so forcefully and dramatically obliges the whole people to recognize that their ideological divisions take get so nifty that the practise of their sovereignty has become almost incommunicable," and "During a shutdown, the government, which is spring past elaborate mechanisms to the national will, becomes dislocated. For a moment, it seems as if the march of American history is at a standstill. There are merely two means of moving forward: either regime officials follow the will of something other than the nation or the nation engages in a momentous reconciliation of its will."[28]

List of federal shutdowns [edit]

Overview of shutdowns involving furloughs
Shutdown Days Agencies
affected 		Employees
furloughed 		Toll to
government 		President Refs
1980 1 FTC only 1,600 $700,000 Carter [29] [30]
1981 ane 241,000 $80–90 million Reagan [31]
1984 1 (approx. 4 hrs.) 500,000 $65 million [31]
1986 one (approx. four hrs.) all 500,000 $62.two million [31]
1990 3 all 2,800 $2.57 one thousand thousand H.W. Bush [32]
November 1995 v some 800,000 $400 million Clinton [x] [33]
1995–1996 21 some 284,000
2013 xvi all 800,000 $2.1 billion Obama [34] [35]
Jan 2018 3 all 692,900 Trump [36]
2018–19 35 some 380,000 $v billion [37] [38]

This list includes only major funding gaps which led to actual employee furloughs within federal departments of the Us government. Information technology does not include funding gaps that did not involve shutdowns of government departments, in which examples include: a brief funding gap in 1982, in which nonessential workers were told to report to work just to cancel meetings and not perform their ordinary duties;[39] a three-mean solar day funding gap in November 1983 that did non disrupt authorities services;[xi] and a 9-hour funding gap in February 2018 that did not disrupt government services.[40] [41]

1980 [edit]

On 1 May 1980, during the Presidential term of Jimmy Carter, the Federal Merchandise Committee (FTC) was shut downwardly for one twenty-four hour period after Congress failed to pass an appropriations neb for the bureau, due to differing opinions towards its oversight of the US economy. Prior to the shutdown, a review had been made of the 1884 Antideficiency Deed regarding Congressional approving of agency funding, in which initial stance on the field of study had been that this did not crave a authorities agency to be closed down in the wake of the expiration of their funding, before Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti overruled this opinion with his own on 25 April 1980, stating that a provision of this human action stipulated to the contrary.[29] Five days subsequently, the FTC was shutdown later on Congress delayed funding for the agency in social club to seek approval for an say-so bill to limit the agency's investigative and rule-making abilities post-obit criticism of the FTC's ambitious monitoring of the economy.[42]

The 1980 shutdown was the beginning fourth dimension a federal agency shut down due to a upkeep dispute,[43] with around ane,600 federal workers for the FTC being furloughed as a result,[29] [xxx] and Federal Marshals deployed to some FTC facilities to enforce their closure.[44] The shutdown ended after one 24-hour interval when Carter threatened to shut down the entire US government if Congress did not laissez passer spending bills by i October subsequently that twelvemonth, with economists of the time estimating that the 1-twenty-four hours shutdown of the FTC cost the government effectually $700,000, the majority of which was towards back pay for the furloughed workers.[29] [30] In the backwash of the shutdown, Civiletti issued a revised edition of his original opinion on 18 January 1981, detailing that shutdowns would even so require agencies that protect homo safety or property to keep operating if funding for them expired.[30]

1981, 1984, and 1986 [edit]

A recorded bulletin used by the White Business firm telephone switchboard during the 1981 shutdown

In 1981, 1984, and 1986, thousands of federal employees were furloughed for a period of betwixt 12 and 24 hours during both Presidential terms of Ronald Reagan. The deadlocks focused on disagreements by Reagan towards Congressional bills that went against his political behavior and goals. The starting time shutdown took identify on 23 November 1981, lasting for a day and placing 241,000 federal employees into furlough,[31] later Reagan vetoed a proposed appropriation nib that contained a reduced gear up of spending cuts than he had proposed for select government departments.[45] While the shutdown afflicted only a number of regime departments,[46] economists of the time believed that it cost taxpayers an estimated $eighty–90 million in dorsum pay and other expenses over the unabridged twenty-four hours.[31]

The second shutdown occurred on the afternoon of 4 October 1984, with 500,000 federal employees placed on furlough during this catamenia, later on Reagan mounted opposition towards the inclusion of a water projects package and a civil rights mensurate inside the proposed appropriations beak that day.[31] While the shutdown covered around nine of the 13 appropriations bills that had not been passed at that point, Congress was forced to remove both of the opposed elements of the bill and include funding of the Nicaraguan Contras as a compromise to end the shutdown,[45] with economists believing that the curt flow price taxpayers an estimated $65 million in backpay.[31]

The third shutdown took place over a similar period and furloughed the aforementioned number of federal employees on 17 October 1986. Economists estimated that this period cost the US government $62 million in lost work.[31] All government agencies were affected by this shutdown.[47]

1990 [edit]

The shutdown of 1990 occurred during the Presidential term of George H. W. Bush-league and focused on a disagreement over several measures he proposed for the 1991 appropriations nib - the inclusion of major tax increases, despite Bush'southward campaign promise against whatsoever new taxes,[48] and major cuts in spending towards benefit programs, including Medicare, to gainsay deficit reduction. On v Oct 1990, liberal Democrats and conservative Republicans, led past then House Minority Whip Newt Gingrich, opposed the initial appropriations packet,[49] [50] with Bush-league vetoing the 2d resolution to the spending bill the following day on vi Oct.[51]

The shutdown lasted until 9 October, when Bush agreed to remove his proposed tax increases and reduce the amount of spending cuts, in return for Congress providing a concession on the amended bill to allow for increasing income tax on the wealthy.[51] The effects of the deadlock were lessened due to the fact that the shutdown occurred across the Columbus Twenty-four hours weekend - six Oct to 8 October. Only 2,800 workers were furloughed over this menses, with national parks and museums, such as the Smithsonian, being closed, and a scattering of departments unable to office, with the cost to the government for lost revenue and back wages being estimated to around $2.57 million.[32]

1995–1996 [edit]

Between 1995 and 1996, the US government faced two shutdowns during the Presidential term of Bill Clinton, who opposed proposed appropriation bills for 1996 by congressional Republicans (who had a majority in both chambers) and House Speaker Newt Gingrich. Both Gingrich and the majority of Congress sought to pass bills that would reduce regime spending, much against Clinton'due south political objectives for 1996. Clinton objected to funding cuts affecting didactics, the surroundings, and public health. Ane proposed bill threatened to block a scheduled reduction he had planned towards premiums within Medicare.[52] Both sides had differing opinions over the bear upon the proposed House bills would have over economic growth, medical aggrandizement, and anticipated revenues,[53] with Clinton vetoing the bills over amendments added to them past congressional Republicans, despite Gingrich threatening to refuse to raise the country'due south debt ceiling.[53]

The first shutdown took place on 14 November 1995, afterward a CR issued on 1 October had expired, and meetings betwixt Democrat and Republican leaders failed to cease the deadlock.[53] The effect of the deadlock led to the majority of regime departments being closed down and 800,000 federal workers existence furloughed as a result. Although the shutdown ended 5 days afterwards 19 November,[10] the political friction between Clinton and Gingrich over the US upkeep remained unresolved, and on 16 Dec 1995, subsequently further spending bills failed to secure blessing, a second shutdown took place. Although lasting 21 days, fewer departments were closed down, and effectually 284,000 federal workers were furloughed during this period.[10] The shutdown was eventually ended on vi January 1996,[10] when White House and Congressional negotiators worked out a balanced budget agreement, which included approval towards minor spending cuts and revenue enhancement increases.

Both shutdowns had a contrasting touch on the major political players in the deadlock. Gingrich'south political career was negatively impacted past the shutdowns, in part due to a comment he fabricated during the deadlock that made it sound like his reasons for it were petty.[54] [55] Clinton's presidential term was positively improved past the shutdown and cited as role of the reason behind his successful re-election to the White Firm in 1996.[56]

Some effects of the shutdowns included the authorities, tourism, and airline manufacture losing millions of dollars in acquirement during this catamenia, with disruptions fabricated towards the processing of passports and visas, and work on medical research and toxic waste matter cleanup being halted.

2013 [edit]

The shutdown of 2013 occurred during the Presidential term of Barack Obama, focusing on a disagreement between Republican-led Firm of Representatives and the Democratic-led Senate towards the contents of the 2014 Continuing Appropriations Resolution bill, alongside other political issues. Congressional Republicans, encouraged by conservative senators such every bit Ted Cruz,[57] and conservative groups such as Heritage Action,[58] [59] [60] sought to include several measures to the bill in late 2013 that could delay funding for the 2013 Affordable Care Human action (ACA) and thus allow time for changes to be made to the act. Yet, both Obama and Autonomous senators refused to agree to these measures, seeking instead for the bill to maintain government funding at then-electric current sequestration levels with no additional conditions.[61] [62] [63]

The shutdown took place on 1 October 2013, equally a consequence of an impasse over the contents of the bill, with the Firm unable to approve whatsoever CRs before this appointment. Democrats opposed further efforts by congressional Republicans, led by House Speaker John Boehner, to delay funding of the ACA, and rejected piecemeal Resolution bills proposed past them to resolve the shutdown.[64] [65] As Congress was at an impasse amidst rising concerns that the The states would default on public debt, United states senators - particularly then Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell and so Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid - negotiated a deal to end the deadlock. Their proposal, which won a Senate vote,[66] approved an amended Resolution bill that would keep funding at sequestration levels, temporarily suspend the debt limit until 7 February 2014, and include a concession to congressional Republicans on the ACA by applying stricter income verification rules in regards to health insurance. Boehner eventually withdrew further objections and delaying attempts confronting the ACA upon the country being inside hours of breaking its debt limit on xvi Oct 2013,[67] with Congress approving the bill for Obama'southward signature the post-obit mean solar day.[68]

The 16-day shutdown had considerable impact upon the United States: approximately 800,000 federal employees were put on furlough, while an additional ane.3 1000000 had to written report to work without whatsoever known payment dates during this period,[34] costing the regime millions in back pay;[69] major government programmes concerning Native Americans,[70] [71] children,[72] and domestic violence victims,[73] alongside the legal processing of asylum and clearing cases,[74] [75] and sexual assault cases handled by the Office of Civil Rights,[76] were badly disrupted by the shutdown; tourism was greatly impacted due to the closure of national parks and institutions during the shutdown and cost the regime millions in lost revenue; and The states economic growth was reduced during this period. In political circles, the shutdown had a negative touch on on Republicans, as over half of Americans held Republicans answerable for the deadlock, in comparing to public stance on the accountability of both the Democrats and Obama during this period.[77]

January 2018 [edit]

The shutdown of January 2018 was the first to occur during the Presidential term of Donald Trump and was centered around a disagreement on the result of immigration. By the start of Oct 2017, Congress had failed to approve an appropriation bill to fund the United states of america government in 2018, and instead passed iii CRs to go on federal agencies open until 19 January 2018. The failure to establish a permanent spending bill was due to Democratic senators insisting that any proposed House beak needed to include funding for the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) immigration policy and assurances against deportation for immigrants that fell under the DREAM Act. Republicans refused to laissez passer such bills, citing that discussions on immigration and those individuals under DACA would not be held until mid-March of the post-obit year.[78] [79] A senate vote to extend the 2018 Continuing Appropriations Resolution on nineteen January 2018, which had passed a congressional vote the previous day, failed to achieve a majority,[fourscore] after Democratic senators led a delay aimed at forcing Republicans to invoke a shorter elapsing of CR and thus invoke negotiations that could lead to extensions of the DACA policy.[81] just failed to accomplish a majority, as Democrats sought a shorter elapsing of Automobile to force negotiations.

The shutdown took place on twenty January 2018, and led to approximately 692,000 federal workers being furloughed.[36] An try past Democrats to protect the payment of military personnel during the deadlock was rejected by Republicans, after Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell stated that funding had to exist restored for the entire US regime rather than for individual authorities branches.[82] [83] Despite the beak'south failure, both sides engaged in negotiations that eventually culminated with a deal on a proposed stopgap mensurate to fund the government for four weeks - as role of the proposal, Democrats agreed to end their filibuster and approve the Republican's measure, in exchange for fresh talks on the DACA policy and DREAM Act within newly proposed Resolution bill. The measure was approved in the House and passed a Senate vote, effectively ending the shutdown on 23 January.[84]

The bear on of the shutdown was not as severe every bit in previous deadlocks - nearly government departments, such as the Section of Energy and the Ecology Protection Agency, were able to continue their functions during the 3-day deadlock despite their workers needing back-pay in the aftermath,[85] and only a third of National Parks in the United States were closed down.[86] In the aftermath of the shutdown, the Senate debated on a pecker for the 2018 Bipartisan Budget Human action to provide ii-yr funding for the armed services, and provide an extension to the Resolution to keep the government funded for another half-dozen weeks, simply suffered delays that triggered the brief 9 Feb spending gap, though caused picayune disruptions and did non foreclose the signing of the neb afterward it came to an terminate within nine hours.

December 2018–January 2019 [edit]

The shutdown of Dec 2018–January 2019 was the second to occur during the Presidential term of Donald Trump, and was due to a disagreement over negotiations for Trump's wall forth the Mexico–U.s.a. edge. Trump sought to accept the appropriation bill for 2019 include a funding mensurate on border security, providing $5.7 billion toward construction of the wall.[87] [88] Democrats refused to support the bill, citing that the funding would be a waste of taxpayer coin and questioned the effectiveness the new wall would have, opting to propose bills that would include funding for border security, but towards improving pre-existing security measures. Trump initially backed downwards on demands for edge wall funding, but reversed this decision on 20 December 2018 over pressure level from supporters, refusing to sign whatsoever CRs that did not include it.[89] [90]

The shutdown began on 22 December 2018, after Democrats refused to support a new CR in the Senate that included approximately $v billion for the new border wall,[91] [92] and continued to cake further attempts upon taking control of Congress on 3 January 2019 following the 2018 mid-term elections. Although he had support from several Republicans, including Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, Trump faced stiff opposition to border wall funding from Firm Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, with neither political party able to break the political impasse through negotiations,[93] rallying public back up through televised addresses,[94] [95] offering proposals on culling border security funding measures,[96] or making concessions for a proposed appropriation bill with regards to the DACA policy.[97] [98] The deadlock eventually ended on 25 January 2019, when both chambers of Congress approved a plan to reopen the US government for 3 weeks, in order to facilitate a flow of negotiations to decide a suitable appropriation bill that both parties could agree upon, with Trump endorsing the bargain amongst rising security and condom concerns.[99] [100] [101]

The 35-twenty-four hours shutdown, the longest in US history after surpassing the 21-day shutdown of 1995–1996,[102] led to 380,000 federal workers being furloughed, and an additional 420,000 workers were required to work without any known payment dates during this catamenia, forcing many to notice other paid work or protest against the extended flow of the deadlock.[103] [104] The extent of the funding gap had further major impacts - sharp reductions had to be fabricated on SNAP payments,[105] [106] and the Internal Acquirement Service faced extensive delays on processing tax refunds worth effectually $140 billion;[107] a lack of resource due to the funding gap impacted the work of several agencies, with the FBI facing major disruptions that risked compromising a number of investigations beingness conducted at the time;[107] [108] staff shortages in the Transportation Security Administration caused a number of airports to be closed down as a result; and economic growth was severely reduced by billions of dollars.[109] [110] [111] [112]

Co-ordinate to the Congressional Budget Part, the shutdown price the regime $3 billion in back pay for furloughed workers, plus $2 billion in lost tax revenues due to reduced tax evasion compliance activities by the Internal Revenue Service, and a smaller amount of lost fees such as for visits to national parks, for a total of about $v billion.[38]

State and territorial governments [edit]

Yr Kickoff engagement Cease engagement Total days Location References
1991 Jul 1 Jul 17 17 Maine [113]
1991 Jul i Aug 23 54 Connecticut [113]
1991 Jul 2 Aug 4 34 Pennsylvania [113]
1992 Jul 1 Sep 1 63 California [114]
2002 Jul 1 Jul three three Tennessee [113] [115]
2005 Jul 1 Jul 9 ix Minnesota [116]
2006 May 1 May thirteen 13 Puerto Rico [117]
2006 Jul 1 Jul 8 viii New Bailiwick of jersey [118]
2007 Oct 1 Oct 1 1 (approx. 4hrs) Michigan [119]
2007 Jul 11 Jul 12 i (approx. 6hrs) Pennsylvania [120] [121]
2009 Oct 1 Oct 1 1 (approx. 6hrs) Michigan [122]
2011 Jul 1 Jul twenty xx Minnesota

[113]

2015 Jul one Jul vi half-dozen Illinois [ citation needed ]
2017 Jul 1 Jul 4 3 New Bailiwick of jersey [123] [124]
2017 Jul 1 Jul 4 four Maine [125]

Canton governments [edit]

Year Start date End date Total days Location References
2005 Feb vii February 7 1 Erie County, NY [126] [127] [128]

Meet as well [edit]

  • Loss of supply
  • Budget crisis
  • Budget deficit
  • Chiffonier crisis
  • Constitutional crisis
  • Gridlock (politics)
  • Fiscal policy
  • Generational accounting
  • Lockout
  • 1975 Australian constitutional crisis

U.S. [edit]

  • Deficit hawk
  • Taxation in the United States
  • Fiscal policy in the United States
  • National debt by U.S. presidential terms
  • Starve the beast
  • United States federal budget
  • United States public debt
  • Appropriations bill (Usa)

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b The Odd Story of the Law That Dictates How Regime Shutdowns Piece of work
  2. ^ Brand authorities shutdowns incommunicable again - The Week
  3. ^ Curry, Tom (September 29, 2013). "Chances of averting regime shutdown appear slim". NBC News. Archived from the original on October one, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  4. ^ Zaveri, Mihir; Gates, Guilbert; Zraick, Karen (January ix, 2019). "The Government Shutdown Was the Longest E'er. Here’south the History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  5. ^ "Government to shut downwardly in fight over Trump's border wall". Reuters. December 22, 2018. Archived from the original on December 22, 2018. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
  6. ^ Matthews, Dylan (Jan 19, 2018). "Authorities shutdown 2018: All 18 previous government shutdowns, explained". Vox.
  7. ^ Walshe, Shushannah (October 17, 2013). "The Costs of the Government Shutdown". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
  8. ^ Wearden, Graeme (September thirty, 2013). "United states Shutdown: A Guide for Non-Americans – The American Authorities Has Begun Shutting Its Non-Essential Services. Why? And What Volition Information technology Mean?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved October iv, 2013.
  9. ^ "What will happen if the government shuts downwardly: Late paychecks, closed museums and more". Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 22, 2018. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Contumely, Clinton T. (November xxx, 2017). "Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Furnishings" (PDF). Congressional Enquiry Service (via Federation of American Scientists). Archived (PDF) from the original on December iv, 2017. Retrieved December two, 2017.
  11. ^ a b Tollestrup, Jessica (Oct 11, 2013). "Federal Funding Gaps: A Cursory Overview". Congressional Inquiry Service. p. 4. Archived from the original on Jan 9, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  12. ^ Zurcher, Anthony (Oct 1, 2013). "US Shutdown Has Other Nations Confused and Concerned". BBC News. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved October iv, 2013.
  13. ^ Liberto, Jennifer (September 25, 2013). "Federal workers: Mitt over BlackBerry during shutdown". CNNMoney.com. CNN. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
  14. ^ a b c Economist, The (Oct 5, 2013). "Closed until further find". The Economist. Archived from the original on August 4, 2014. Retrieved August ane, 2014.
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  17. ^ "Rand Paul rightly says the government shutdown was more expensive than keeping it open". @politifact. Archived from the original on Jan 21, 2018. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
  18. ^ Coggan, Philip (October 21, 2013). "Main Street'southward Revenge". The Economist. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  19. ^ Cross, Tim (Oct 16, 2013). "Robot-Aided, Mass-Murder Jellyfish Orgy". The Economist. Archived from the original on August 28, 2014. Retrieved August fourteen, 2014.
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  23. ^ "The Federal Government Is Shut Downwards, But D.C. Is All the same Open". Archived from the original on January 28, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
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  25. ^ Paletta, Damian (April 6, 2011). "Government Prepares for Shutdown" Archived November 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October iv, 2013.
  26. ^ Jouvenal, Justin (April 8, 2011). "Government Shutdown Could Evidence Smelly for D.C". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
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External links [edit]

  • Congressional Research Service: Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Furnishings

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_shutdowns_in_the_United_States

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